Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. The term is used by modern historians for the former Islamic states in modern Portugal and Spain. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula and a part of present-day southern France, Septimania (8th century). For nearly a century from 9th to 10th century, al-Andalus extended its control from Fraxinetum over the Alpine passes which connect Italy to Western Europe. The name more specifically describes the different Arab and Muslim states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed, eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the Emirate of Granada.
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